In the 1990s, India’s mediascape saw the efflorescence of edgy soft-porn films in the Malayalam-speaking state of Kerala. In Rated A, Darshana Sreedhar Mini examines the local and transnational influences that shaped Malayalam soft-porn cinema—such as vernacular pulp fiction, illustrated erotic tales, and American exploitation cinema—and maps the genre’s circulation among blue-collar workers of the Indian diaspora in the Middle East, where pirated versions circulate alongside low-budget Bangladeshi films and Pakistani mujra dance films as South Asian pornography. Through a mix of archival and ethnographic research, Mini also explores the soft-porn industry’s utilization of gendered labor and trust-based arrangements, as well as how actresses and production personnel who are marked by their involvement with a taboo form negotiate their social lives. By locating the tense negotiations between sexuality, import policy, and censorship in contemporary India, this study offers a model for understanding film genres outside of screen space, emphasizing that they constitute not just industrial formations but entire fields of social relations and gendered imaginaries.
______________________________________________________________________________________A model for future film scholars. The decade-long research that went into making this book is evident in its rich historical details, insightful conversations, and multisited fieldwork. Perhaps even more impressive is Darshana Sreedhar Mini's ability to pull together such vast and diverse material in a riveting story, so absorbing and beautifully written that I often felt like I was reading a novel. This exemplary work will produce lively discussions about film historiography, diaspora, stardom, authorship, and sexuality.—Monika Mehta, author of Censorship and Sexuality in Bombay Cinema, 2011In Rated A: Soft-Porn Cinema and Mediations of Desire in India, Darshana Mini takes readers on a truly fascinating exploration of Malayalam soft-porn cinema that emerged in the 1980s and captivated millions of viewers across India and the Middle East. Extensive archival and ethnographic research reveals the local and global influences that shaped the genre, the social and gendered dynamics of the industry, and the complex politics of sexuality and censorship in contemporary India. By challenging the dominant narratives of pornography as a Western phenomenon, this book provides a new model for studying soft-core film genres in diverse cultural contexts.—Clarisa Smith, One for the Girls! The Pleasures and Practices of Reading Women’s Porn(2007), Co-editor Porn Studies JournalRated A is a fascinating cultural history of Malayalam soft porn cinema, and moreover of its afterlives - how it is remediated across a range of sites, reverberating in the cultural imagination. In the unfolding of that history, Darshana Mini shows how soft porn and the debates and desires that it provokes are entangled with the building of gender, sexuality, politics, and social life. A major new contribution to the study of pornographies.—Feona Attwood, author of Sex Media (2017) and Co-editor of Porn Studies Journal______________________________________________________________________________________DARSHANA SREEDHAR MINI is Assistant Professor of Film at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and co-editor of South Asian Pornographies: Vernacular Formations of the Permissible and the Obscene.
Sita’s Voice in the Assamese Rāmāyaṇa is a translation of select verses from the Assamese Saptakāṇḍa Rāmāyaṇa of Mādhava Kandalī, Śaṅkaradeva and Madhavdeva, written between the 14th-15th centuries CE. This vernacular rendition of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa has been translated with a scholarly introduction by Tilottoma Misra. The selected verses represent a distinctive creative rendition of the Vālmīki text from the region of Assam by adding new emotional and philosophic dimensions to it. Especially in the Uttarakāṇḍa ascribed to Śaṅkaradeva, Sita’s voice acquires a unique quality in her final rejection of Rāma thereby expressing her ultimate disillusionment with him, the much-acclaimed paragon of all virtues.
“Others may praise him for all his deeds. But Death incarnate is Rāma for me.”
“I have never heard of a husband more unkind than he. O how can I look upon him again with love and pride?”
—Uttarakāṇḍa of Śaṅkaradeva
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TILOTTOMA MISRA writes on literatures from Northeast India, particularly Assam, and on gender and the nationality question. She is author of Swarnalata (1991, English translation 2012, Zubaan), Louhitya Sindhu (1997), Kameikhar Ghar (2013, English translation High Wind, 2020, Zubaan), Literature and Society in Assam: A Study of the Assamese Renaissance 1826-1926 (1987) and editor of the Oxford Anthology of Writings from North-East India (2011). She has translated and edited Gunabhiram Barua’s Ramnabami-Natak (2007). She was awarded the Ishan Puraskar by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad for Swarnalata, and the Lummer Dai Award by the Arunachal Pradesh Literary Society and the Assam Sahitya Sabha for Kameikhar Ghar.This book presents a brilliant reading of the unanimous decision of the nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India in the case of Justice KS Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Another vs. Union of India and Others (‘Puttaswamy’). The 2017 judgment protects the right to privacy as a fundamental right, and guarantees the right to life with dignity, the right to personal liberty and the right to move the court against unconstitutional actions by the state.
The authors examine the implications of Puttaswamy to understanding labouring bodies (in their multiplicity) and their worlds of work. They explore the gendered dimensions of the right to privacy and its relation to labour rights, sexual safety, and bodily integrity, offering a dynamic interpretation of the right to privacy and related rights of dignity, liberty, and equality. Using the Constitution, Kannabiran and Jagani anchor labour rights in Puttaswamy to advance claims-making and emphasise collective struggles for justice and resistance to oppression as the most productive route to conceptualising an idea of justice in the realms of labour.
Further, the monograph emphasises the need to popularise constitutional conversations beyond the courts and holds valuable lessons for women’s and labour rights movements. Drawing from a range of scholarly works and case law to offer a fresh understanding of labour that does not rely on gender binaries, the authors initiate conversations on human dignity, intersectional discrimination, and resistance to reinstating labouring bodies in workplaces. This work opens up new opportunities for feminist and labour studies scholars, trade unions, and courts to explore interdisciplinary intersections and frame claims for more just, fair, and equal working environments.
Kalpana Kannabiran and Devi Jagani’s work inspires both hope and anxiety, as they challenge us to build intellectual and on-ground solidarities that cross disciplinary boundaries, to support those who are most marginalised.
— Navsharan Singh, independent researcher, writer, and activist
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DEVI JAGANI is an independent legal researcher and lawyer. She graduated from the Institute of Law, Nirma University in 2018 with a BA, LLB (Hons.) and from the University of Oxford in 2019 with a Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL). Her areas of interest include jurisprudence, constitutional law, criminal law, gender studies, human rights, and discrimination law.
KALPANA KANNABIRAN is a sociologist and legal researcher based in Hyderabad and is currently Distinguished Professor at the Council for Social Development, New Delhi. She has published widely in sociology, gender studies, human rights, and law with a focus on India. She is the co-author of Gender Regimes and the Politics of Privacy: A Feminist Re-Reading of Puttaswamy vs. Union of India (Zubaan 2021).
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