‘Some of our mothers marched the streets in the 1980s, demanding the emancipation of women. Three decades later, they accompanied their daughters to Aurat March, reflecting on past formations, present collectives and feminist futures. Some made concessions in their acceptance of traditional gender roles, forming conflictual  relationships with daughters that pushed the boundaries of propriety. Some may not refer to themselves as  feminist, differing from their daughters about the significance and implications of labels. Yet, the subtleties of our mothers’ adaptabilities are centred on women’s empowerment. Situated amongst these subtleties are moments of consciousness and self-determination that we, as daughters, navigate through, as we limn the contours of our own feminist formations.’

In this remarkable collection of essays about their mothers, women from Pakistan explore the many meanings of feminism and its varying interpretations through generations. How, they ask, do these meanings change, mould, attract and detract within and between generations? How do women bridge the cracks that emerge in these formations as they hold within them the joys, sorrows, conflicts and contradictions of their multiple feminisms?

DAANIKA KAMAL is a researcher and writer from Karachi. She has worked across the development, legal and academic sectors, with a focus on gender-based violence, access to justice and rights protections of women and girls. She is currently based in London, where she is completing a PhD in Law. Daanika is an internationally published author and editor in the fields of gender empowerment, climate change, law, and mental health. The Feminisms of Our Mothers is her first anthological project.